Carnegie Institution Of Washington

CENTER FOR ENERGY FRONTIER RESEARCH IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS (EFREE) -- EFRC

HIGH PRESSURE COLLABORATIVE ACCESS TEAM (HPCAT) OPERATIONS

ASTROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS: FROM THE INTERSTEALLAR M EDIUM THROUGH PLANETARY SYSTEMS TO THE EMERGENCE

CARNEGIE/DOE ALLIANCE CENTER - A CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NA121.1 CARNEGIE/DOE ALLIANCE CENTER (CDAC): CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE FOR HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HPCAT-AN INTEGRATED HIGH-PRESSURE FACILITY AT THE ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE

GENETIC BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PLANT STEROID SIGNALING

HPACT AN INTEGRATED HIGH PRESSURE FACILITY AT THE ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE

CARNEGIE/DOE ALLIANCE CENTER (CDAC)

TITLE IS ASTROBIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS AS OPPOSED TO ASTROBIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN RESPONSE TO CAN

VIBRIO FISCHERI AS A MODEL FOR BACTERIAL COLONIZATION

THE ORGANIZATION OF ANIMAL CELL NUCLEI

FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF MAIZE GAMETOPHYTES

WSC-CATEGORY 2: EXTREME EVENTS IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY IN THE GREAT LAKES: PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NUTRIENT LOADING IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPOSON EXPRESSION IN MAIZE

TAIR: THE ARABIDOPSIS INFORMATION RESOURCE

SUPER-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY OF NUCLEAR LAMIN AND SPINDLE ENVELOPE/MATRIX FUNCTION

MUSCLE STEM CELL LINEAGE

TAIR: THE ARABIDOPSIS INFORMATION RESOURCE

ARABIDOPSIS 2010: TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE ARABIDOPSIS PROTEIN INTERACTOME MAP: SYSTEMS BIOLOGY OF THE MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND SIGNALOSOME

CARNEGIE/DOE ALLIANCE CENTER (CDAC): CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE FOR HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DOD GRANT AMENDMENT GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON

A MUTANT RESOURCE TO TRANSFORM REVERSE GENETICS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS

HIGH-THROUGHPUT DETERMINATION OF A SUBCELLULAR METABOLIC NETWORK MAP OF PLANTS

TOOLS-PGR: COMPUTATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE TO ENABLE HIGH-THROUGHPUT, HIGH-QUALITY ANNOTATIONS OF COMPARTMENTALIZED METABOLIC NETWORKS FOR PLANT GENOMES

THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT: EXTENDING THE NEAR-IR HUBBLE DIAGRAM FOR SNE IA TO Z < 0.08

LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY OF THE DEVELOPING DIENCEPHALON

EXECUTE A BALANCED SCIENCE PROGRAM BASED ON DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC GUIDANCE FROM THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE ADMINISTRATION PRIORITIES AND DIRECTION FROM CONGRESS. PARTICIPATE AS A KEY PARTNER AND ENABLER IN THE AGENCY S EXPLORATION INITIATIVE FOCUSING ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF ON AND FROM THE MOON LUNAR ORBIT MARS AND BEYOND. ADVANCE DISCOVERY IN EMERGING FIELDS BY IDENTIFYING AND EXPLOITING CROSS-DISCIPLINARY OPPORTUNITIES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES DEVELOP A DIRECTORATE-WIDE TARGET-USER FOCUSED APPROACH TO APPLIED PROGRAMS INCLUDING EARTH SCIENCE APPLICATIONS SPACE WEATHER PLANETARY DEFENSE AND SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

ARCTIC MARS ANALOGUE SVALBARD EXPEDITION (AMASE) SAMPLE RETURN:THIS PROPOSAL SEEKS TO ASSESS SAMPLE TARGETING / ACQUISITION / CONTAINMENT / SAMPLE H

DEVELOPING A REDUCED COMPLEXITY MODEL GUT MICROBIOME IN THE BEHAVIOR MODEL, DROSO

VIBRIO COLONIZATION DETERMINANTS IN SYMBIOSIS

SIGNALING IN CELL EXPANSION AND MORPHOGENESIS

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUSCLE STEM CELLS TRANSITIONING INTOQUIESCENCE

THE MEMBRANE-BASED PROTEIN INTERACTOME

BUILDING A HIGHLY AUTOMATED METABOLIC PATHWAY RECONSTRUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PLANTS

ARCTIC MARS ANALOGUE SVALBARD EXPEDITION.

DISSECTING THE ROLE OF ALTERNATIVE OXIDASES IN ELECTRON FLOW, O2 REDUCTION AND CELLULAR REDOX BALANCING

NUTRIENT REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE SPLICING AND TRANSCRIPTION BY O-GLCNACYLATION

INTEGRIN SIGNALING IN SKELETAL MUSCLE REGENERATION

PROLIFERATION COMPETENCE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE STEM CELLS

ARABIDOPSIS 2010: THE AD/ABAXIAL REGULATORY NETWORK OF ARABIDOPSIS

TRANSGENIC TOOLS FOR REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN ZEBRAFISH

SI2-SSI: REAL-TIME LARGE-SCALE PARALLEL INTELLIGENT CO2 DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM

REGULATION OF MICROTUBULE NUCLEATION DURING SPINDLE ASSEMBLY

NOVEL MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS

PRODUCTION OF LIPOPHILLIC MATERIALS FROM PLANTS

TRANSGENIC TOOLS FOR GAL4 REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN ZEBRAFISH

SUGAR SIGNALING NETWORKS DETECTED BY HIGH CONTENT FLUXOMICX

MECHANISMS OF CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION AND MITOTIC TIMING

INTERGRATION OF SUGAR TRANSPORT, METABOLISM AND SENSING IN ARABIDOPSIS

BUILDING A NETWORK OF PLANT METABOLIC PATHWAY DATABASES AND COMMUNITIES

NOVEL BIOSENSORS FOR MONITORING NITROGEN UPTAKE AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL FOR IMPROVING FERTILIZER UTILIZATION BY PLANTS

THE MECHANISM OF SPINDLE ASSEMBLY AND CHROMOSOME ALIGNMENT

MRI: ACQUISITION OF AN ADVANCED X-RAY DETECTOR FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC SYNCHROTRON X-RAY SCATTERING STUDIES OF MATERIALS AT EXTREME CONDITIONS AT THE ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE -THIS MAJOR RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION (MRI) AWARD WILL PERMIT THE PURCHASE OF AN ADVANCED X-RAY DETECTOR, EIGER2 S CDTE 9M AT SECTOR 13 OF THE ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE, A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF SCIENCE USER FACILITY AT ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY (CHICAGO, IL). THIS DETECTOR UPGRADE WILL HELP TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS IN-SITU AT EXTREME PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS, WHICH ARE CURRENTLY LIMITED WHEN TRYING TO RESOLVE MANY FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS IN EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES. NEW CAPABILITIES ENABLED BY THIS UPGRADE WILL FACILITATE NOVEL EXPERIMENTS WHICH WILL ADDRESS KEY ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EARTH AND PLANETARY MATERIALS SUCH AS MINERALS, MELTS, AND IRON ALLOYS, THUS GREATLY ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PLANETARY INTERIOR STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS. THE PROPOSED ACQUISITION WILL SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCE FRONTIER HIGH PRESSURE RESEARCH BEING CONDUCTED AT SECTOR 13. THE QUALITY OF THE SYNCHROTRON BEAM AT THE UPGRADED APS-U WILL BE GREATLY IMPROVED, WITH A MORE TIGHTLY FOCUSED, BRIGHTER, AND HIGHLY COHERENT BEAM. ACQUISITION OF THIS NEW DETECTOR WILL TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF THE UPGRADE AND WILL PROVIDE A VAST AND CRITICAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF XRD. THE HYBRID-PIXEL EIGER2 CDTE DETECTOR FROM DECTRIS HAS SIGNIFICANT TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES VERSUS THE CURRENTLY USED PILATUS DETECTOR WITH HIGHER SPATIAL RESOLUTION, LARGER DYNAMIC RANGE, AND FASTER FRAME RATES AT HIGH ENERGIES. THESE TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS WILL PROVIDE NEW ABILITIES TO DETERMINE XRD REFLECTION SHAPES AND POSITIONS MUCH MORE PRECISELY BY SPATIALLY RESOLVING CLOSELY POSITIONED REFLECTIONS. THE DETECTOR WILL ALLOW DEFINITIVE DETECTION OF WEAK REFLECTIONS IN LONG ACQUISITIONS AND DISCRIMINATE THEM FROM MUCH STRONGER SPURIOUS REFLECTIONS, THUS ENABLING NUMEROUS PREVIOUSLY UNREALIZABLE APPLICATIONS. THESE IMPROVEMENTS ARE MOST CRITICAL FOR SINGLE-CRYSTAL (SC) XRD AND FULL PROFILE REFINEMENT OF POWDER XRD, WHICH CAN DETERMINE THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS IN SITU AT EXTREME P-T CONDITIONS. IT IS ALSO CRITICAL FOR EXTENDING THE P-T RANGE OF HIGH-QUALITY AND HIGH-RESOLUTION XRD STUDIES TO PRESSURES APPROACHING 1 TPA AND TEMPERATURES APPROACHING 10 KK, WHERE SAMPLES ARE EXCEPTIONALLY SMALL. AN UPGRADED XRD FACILITY WILL ENABLE NEW INVESTIGATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS (INCLUDING MELTING), PHASE TRANSITION KINETICS AND DYNAMICS, THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF LOW-Z MATERIALS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF NON-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS. NEW INVESTIGATIONS WILL COMBINE XRD MEASUREMENTS WITH A VARIETY OF LASER HEATING TECHNIQUES, DYNAMIC COMPRESSION, AND CRYOGENIC COOLING OF SAMPLES IN THE DAC. THE PROPOSED MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS OF THE LASER HEATING SYSTEM COMBINED WITH XRD WILL ALLOW NEW EXPERIMENTAL CAMPAIGNS FOR ADDRESSING MANY FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS THROUGH A MUCH-IMPROVED CAPABILITY TO INTERROGATE THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EARTH AND PLANETARY MATERIALS (E.G., MINERALS, MELTS, AND IRON ALLOYS), GREATLY ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PLANETARY INTERIOR STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS. EXISTING DATA ARE OFTEN CONTRADICTORY (E.G., MELTING AND THERMAL/ ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT PROPERTIES) OR TOO POORLY CONSTRAINED TO PROVIDE UNIQUE ANSWERS. THIS UNDERSCORES THE NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PROPERTIES OF PLANETARY MATERIAL USING IN SITU MEASUREMENTS ON MANTLE AND CORE ANALOGUES IN WELL CONTROLLED AND CALIBRATED HIGH P-T CONDITIONS, SUCH AS THOSE MADE POSSIBLE BY THE NEW DETECTOR PROPOSED HERE. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.- SUBAWARDS ARE NOT PLANNED FOR THIS AWARD.

LIPID FUNCTIONS IN BACTERIAL CELL ORGANIZATION - PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT: CELLULAR MEMBRANES CAN BE ORGANIZED BY THE FORMATION OF DISCRETE MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS (MMS), SUCH AS THE CHOLESTEROL- AND FLOTILLIN-RICH “LIPID RAFTS” FOUND IN EUKARYOTES. IN BACTERIA, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. BECAUSE THIS DOMAIN DOES NOT SYNTHESIZE CHOLESTEROL OR RELATED EUKARYOTIC LIPIDS, IT TRADITIONALLY HAS BEEN ASSUMED THAT THEY DO NOT CONTAIN RAFT-LIKE COMPARTMENTS. HOPANOID LIPIDS ARE THE CLOSEST BACTERIAL ANALOGS OF CHOLESTEROL, AND MY LAB HAS FOUND THAT THEY PROMOTE FORMATION OF MMS IN THE FACULTATIVE ENDOSYMBIONT BRADYRHIZOBIUM DIAZOEFFICIENS. THESE MMS HAVE SIMILAR BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AS EUKARYOTIC LIPID RAFTS AND ARE TYPICALLY POLARIZED, SUGGESTING A LINK BETWEEN RAFT-LIKE MMS AND CELL POLARITY. HERE, I PROPOSE TO ASSESS WHETHER HOPANOID-MEDIATED MMS HAVE SIMILAR COMPOSITIONS AS EUKARYOTIC LIPID RAFTS AND IDENTIFY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE COORDINATED IN THESE REGIONS (PROJECT 1). WE ALSO WILL EXAMINE CELL CYCLE AND POLARITY REGULATION IN B. DIAZOEFFICIENS, AND WHETHER IT IS AFFECTED BY HOPANOID-MEDIATED MMS IN BOTH FREE-LIVING AND HOST-ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTS (PROJECT 2). THESE PROJECTS WILL HELP DISCOVER FUNDAMENTAL PARADIGMS OF BACTERIAL MEMBRANE ORGANIZATION THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE SHARED WITH HUMAN-ASSOCIATED MICROBES, AND MAY UNCOVER NEW PARALLELS BETWEEN BACTERIAL AND EUKARYOTIC SUBCELLULAR ORGANIZATION.

FORMATION OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

EQUIPMENT: MRI: TRACK 1 ACQUISITION OF A METALJET X-RAY MICRODIFFRACTION SYSTEM -RESEARCH CONDUCTED UNDER EXTREME PRESSURE CONDITIONS (UP TO MILLIONS OF TIMES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE) PROVIDES IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING THE STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES OCCURRING WITHIN THE INNER EARTH, AND RESULTS IN THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL, TECHNOLOGICALLY RELEVANT MATERIALS SUCH AS DIAMOND. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS FOUND UNDER EXTREME PRESSURES ARE OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES, HOWEVER, THEY CAN ONLY TYPICALLY BE EXAMINED USING EXTRAORDINARILY SMALL AND POWERFUL X-RAY BEAMS FOUND AT LARGE USER FACILITIES WITH LIMITED ACCESS. THIS MRI PROPOSAL WILL ENABLE THE ACQUISITION OF AN INSTRUMENT UTILIZING A LIQUID-METAL ANODE X-RAY SOURCE, WHICH IS A NOVEL TECHNOLOGY THAT ENABLES HIGH-BRILLIANCE, TIGHTLY FOCUSED X-RAY BEAMS AT THE HOME LABORATORY SCALE. THE INSTRUMENT WILL ENABLE ACCELERATED RESEARCH PROGRESS ACROSS A RANGE OF GEO-, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, PROVIDING ENHANCED ACCESS TO A DIVERSE USER BASE OF RESEARCHERS. RECENT BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID-METAL ANODES ALLOW FOR SYNCHROTRON-TYPE X-RAY MEASUREMENTS TO BE CARRIED OUT IN A STANDARD LABORATORY SETTING. THE STATE-OF-THE-ART MICRODIFFRACTOMETER EQUIPPED WITH A LIQUID-METAL ANODE (METALJET) WILL ALLOW FOR THE LOCAL COLLECTION OF SYNCHROTRON-QUALITY DATA >300 DAYS A YEAR. THE PROPOSED MICRODIFFRACTION SYSTEM INCORPORATES A 160 KV LIQUID-METAL ANODE, MODIFIED WITH CUSTOM ADAPTATIONS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE, SINGLE-CRYSTAL, AND MICRO-INCLUSION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY TO MEET THE DIVERSE RESEARCH NEEDS OF LOCAL SCIENTISTS AND EXTERNAL COLLABORATORS. THE INSTRUMENT WILL HAVE A TRANSFORMATIVE IMPACT ON HIGH-PRESSURE RESEARCH, ENABLING IN-HOUSE STUDIES OF EQUATIONS OF STATE, MELTING, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DEEP PLANETARY MINERALS, AS WELL AS THE DETAILED STUDY OF DIAMOND INCLUSIONS IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SAMPLES. THESE RESULTS WILL DEEPEN UNDERSTANDING OF A RANGE OF EARTH AND PLANETARY MATERIALS AND MINERAL PHASE ASSEMBLAGES AND ACCELERATE PROGRESS IN THE DISCOVERY OF NEW TECHNOLOGICALLY RELEVANT MATERIALS. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.- SUBAWARDS ARE NOT PLANNED FOR THIS AWARD.

SUGAR TRANSPORT AND SENSING IN ARABIDOPSIS

CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE INTERSECTION OF RESTORATION, INVASIVES, AND DISTURBANCE

BII: LIFE WITHOUT WATER: PROTECTING MACROMOLECULES, CELLS, AND ORGANISMS DURING DESICCATION AND REHYDRATION ACROSS KINGDOMS OF LIFE -LIFE ON EARTH EVOLVED IN THE OCEANS AND CONSEQUENTLY ALL LIFE ON OUR PLANET IS COMPOSED MOSTLY OF WATER. WHEN LIFE MOVED OUT OF THE OCEAN, SURVIVING ENVIRONMENTS WITH LIMITED WATER BECAME A NECESSITY. ONE APPROACH TO SURVIVE THIS NEW EXTREME, THAT IS PRESENT ACROSS ALL KINGDOMS OF LIFE, IS TO DRY OUT, OR DESICCATE, WHILE WAITING FOR WATER TO RETURN. TOLERATING DESICCATION REQUIRES COORDINATION ACROSS CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANISMS, BUT THE DETAILS OF HOW THIS HAPPENS ARE UNKNOWN. THE WATER AND LIFE INTERFACE INSTITUTE (WALII) BIOLOGY INTEGRATION INSTITUTE WILL FILL IN THESE GAPS USING FUNGI, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS WITH LOW AND HIGH DESICCATION TOLERANCE. THE LONG-TERM GOALS OF THIS INSTITUTE ARE UNDERSTANDING HOW ORGANISMS TOLERATE DESICCATION, INVENTING TECHNOLOGIES, AND CONCEPTS FOR WORKING IN LOW-WATER ENVIRONMENTS, ENGINEERING PROTEINS, CELLS, AND ORGANISMS TO INCREASE DESICCATION TOLERANCE, AND BUILDING A NATIONAL COMMUNITY OF DESICCATION SCIENTISTS. RESEARCH AT WALII WILL IMPACT SOCIETY BY FINDING NEW, DESICCATION-TOLERANCE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR CROP LOSS PREVENTION, DEVELOPING DRY STORAGE SOLUTIONS FOR STORING MEDICINES CURRENTLY STORED COLD, AND MITIGATING ONGOING DECREASES IN SPECIES DIVERSITY. ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL, INTEGRATED RESEARCH COMMUNITY REQUIRES AN EXPERT, MULTIDISCIPLINARY WORKFORCE, AND INTEGRATION WITH THE PUBLIC. TO THAT END, THE WALII TRAINING PROGRAMS WILL SUPPORT CAREER DEVELOPMENT FOR OVER 100 SCIENTISTS FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS AT ALL CAREER STAGES, AND ITS OUTREACH INITIATIVES WILL INVITE THE PUBLIC TO JOIN WALII?S SCIENTISTS IN DESICCATION TOLERANCE EXPERIMENTS. CONCEPTS AND TOOLS IN LIFE SCIENCES HAVE BEEN MADE PRIMARILY IN THE CONTEXT OF FULLY HYDRATED SYSTEMS. WALII WILL STUDY THE INTERACTION OF LIFE AND WATER ACROSS TIMESCALES AND HYDRATION STATES IN DIVERSE ORGANISMS, USING FOUR INTERTWINED THEMES: 1) PHYSICAL AND MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE; 2) MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR REHYDRATION RESPONSES ACROSS THE CONTINUUM OF DESICCATION SENSITIVITY; 3) THE ROLE(S) OF INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS IN CONFERRING DESICCATION TOLERANCE; AND 4) SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE. THE MULTISCALE, TRANSDISCIPLINARY STUDIES OF ANHYDROBIOSIS AT WALII AIM TO IGNITE A TRANSFORMATIVE NEW FIELD OF SOLID-STATE BIOLOGY, FOCUSED FIRST ON MODELING FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANISMS UNDER DESICCATION STRESS. NEW METHODS AND APPROACHES WILL BE ESSENTIAL, INCLUDING BETTER PROTOCOLS FOR SEEDBANK PRESERVATION AND STABILIZING PLANT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, BETTER WATER-RESISTANT MATERIALS AND WATER-RETENTION STRATEGIES, AND SENSITIVE IN VIVO TOOLS FOR SENSING AND MANIPULATING CELLULAR RESPONSES TO DESICCATION. WALII COMBINES THE EXPERTISE OF RESEARCHERS FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES SUCH AS BIOPHYSICS, CELL BIOLOGY, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, DESICCATION TOLERANCE, EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, GENETICS, AND PLANT, ANIMAL, SEED, FUNGAL, AND POLLEN PHYSIOLOGY AND DIVERSE ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS NON-PROFIT RESEARCH INSTITUTES, UNIVERSITIES, HISPANIC SERVING INSTITUTIONS, AND PRIMARILY UNDERGRADUATE INSTITUTIONS. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AT HIGH PRESSURES

INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION

THE HENRIETTA PROJECT -OVER THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES THOUSANDS OF PLANETS HAVE BEEN FOUND ORBITING STARS OTHER THAN OUR SUN. THESE ARE REFERRED TO AS EXOPLANETS. BY STUDYING THE ATMOSPHERIC GAS SURROUNDING THESE EXOPLANETS, INSIGHT IS OBTAINED INTO HOW THE PLANETS FORMED AND CHANGED OVER THEIR LIFETIMES. TO ACCOMPLISH SUCH A STUDY, THIS PROJECT WOULD BUILD A SPECIALIZED DETECTOR FOR THE 40-INCH DIAMETER SWOPE TELESCOPE IN CHILE. THIS DETECTOR IS SENSITIVE TO INFRARED LIGHT WHICH IS OPTIMAL FOR MEASURING THE ATMOSPHERIC GASSES OF EXOPLANETS. THIS WORK IS CHALLENGING BECAUSE OF THE DISTANCE AND FAINTNESS OF THIS SIGNAL. MEASUREMENT OF THE LARGE NUMBER OF EXOPLANETS NOW KNOWN WILL BE IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE DIVERSITY THAT EXISTS AMONG THEM. A POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLAR WILL LEAD THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THIS DETECTOR. THE INVESTIGATORS WILL PROVIDE LECTURES AND MENTOR SUMMER UNDERGRADUATE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE. THIS PROJECT WILL COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION OF A SPECTROGRAPH FOR USE ON THE 40-INCH (1-M) SWOPE TELESCOPE AT LAS CAMPANAS OBSERVATORY. THIS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE PROCUREMENT AND INTEGRATION OF A NEW INFRARED DETECTOR AND CONTROLLER. TECHNIQUES WILL ALSO BE DEVELOPED THAT WILL DELIVER ULTRA-PRECISE (100 PPM OR BETTER), NEAR-INFRARED, EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERIC SPECTRA FROM THE GROUND, ALLOWING INFORMATION ON GAS GIANTS AND SUB-NEPTUNES TO BE RECOVERED. THIS INSTRUMENT WILL BE UTILIZED IN AN OBSERVING CAMPAIGN TO DEVELOP THE PROTOCOLS NEEDED TO ALLOW SUCH ROUTINE HIGH-PRECISION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. CAREFUL DESIGN OF THE INSTRUMENT AND SUCH PROTOCOLS WILL MITIGATE SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS SUCH AS ATMOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION NOISE, SUBPIXEL SENSITIVITY NOISE, AND SCATTERED LIGHT THAT OTHERWISE LIMIT PRECISION TO >350 PPM. EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERIC SPECTRA ARE IMPARTED WITH MOLECULAR ABSORPTION FEATURES THAT PERMIT THE MEASURE OF ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITIONS AND PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE PROFILES, AND UNRAVEL THE INTERPLAY OF ATMOSPHERES WITH FORMATION, CLOUDS, OCEANS, AND HOST STAR ILLUMINATION. THE PI WILL BE A LECTURER IN CARNEGIE'S TEN-WEEK SUMMER STUDENT PROGRAM OVER A THREE YEAR PERIOD TEACHING A TOTAL OF ABOUT THIRTY UNDER-REPRESENTED UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS THE PRINCIPLES OF ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTATION. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: CONSEQUENCES OF FLAT SLAB SUBDUCTION ON THE CHEMICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE

AMAZON FOREST RESPONSE TO DROUGHTS, FIRE, AND LAND USE: A MULTI-SCALE APPROACH TO FOREST DIEBACK

BBSRC-NSF/BIO: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: FOCUSING A QUANTITATIVE LENS ON SYNTHETIC PHOTOTROPHIC COMMUNITIES

ACQUISITION OF A FIELD EMISSION ELECTRON MICROPROBE FOR GEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: SCALING FROM SINGLE-CELL PHYSIOLOGY TO COMMUNITY STABILITY IN A NATURAL GUT MICROBIOME

NOVEL MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS

PROTEOMIC STUDY OF BRASSINOSTEROID RESPONSES IN ARABIDOPSIS

THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROGRAM - II

ARABIDOPSIS 2010: THE ROLE OF NUTRIENT SENSING AND SIGNALING FOR AMMONIUM NUTRITION IN PLANTS

MIM: ELUCIDATING THE RULES OF COOPERATION AND RESILIENCY IN MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES THROUGH STOCHASTIC GRAPH GRAMMARS

THRESHOLD RESPONSES TO INTERACTING GLOBAL CHANGES IN A CALIFORNIA GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM

PROTEOMIC STUDY OF BRASSINOSTEROID RESPONSES IN ARABIDOPSIS

THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO EXPLORE THE PHASE STABILITY OF FE3C AT CONDITIONS OF PLANETARY CORES, INCLUDING THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND ANY PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AT PRESSURES UP TO 600 GPA AND TEMPERATURES UP TO 5000 K. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM WILL UTILIZE DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY DIFFRACTION TO CHARACTERIZE MATERIAL RESPONSE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL UNDER BOTH RAMP AND SHOCK LOADING. DIFFRACTION WILL BE COMBINED WITH VELOCIMETRY MEASUREMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE THE CONTINUUM EQUATION OF STATE OR IRON CARBIDE. THIS PROJECT WILL DELIVER NEW FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION ON THE FE-C PHASE DIAGRAM AT EXTREME PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. EXPERIMENTS WILL BE CARRIED OUT AT STATE-OF-THE-ART LASER-SHOCK FACILITIES INCLUDING THE DYNAMIC COMPRESSION SECTOR (DCS) AT ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY AND THE OMEGA LASER FACILITY AT THE LABORATORY FOR LASER ENERGETICS (LLE). THEY WILL ALSO SEEK TIME TO CARRY OUT PULSED-POWER EXPERIMENTS AT SANDIA’S Z MACHINE. TO GUIDE THE EXPERIMENTAL EFFORT, A THEORETICAL/SIMULATION THRUST WILL PERFORM QUANTUM ACCURATE CLASSICAL MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS TO PREDICT THE EQUATION OF STATE, PHASE DIAGRAMS, AND COMPRESSION PATHWAYS, PROVIDING ATOMIC-SCALE INSIGHT INTO PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS OF IRON CARBIDE UNDER DYNAMIC COMPRESSION.

PLANT GENOMICS DATA COMPUTATIONAL INTERFACE

MULTIFUNCTIONAL CARBON-BASED CLATHRATE MATERIALS WITH VERSATILE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

FUNCTION OF MAMMALIAN SINGLE-MINDED GENES SIM1 AND SIM2

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: NITROPLAST: A LIGHT-DRIVEN, SYNTHETIC NITROGEN-FIXING ORGANELLE

PROPOSED RESEARCH TARGETS TWO QUESTIONS: (I) HOW DOES LIFE EVOLVE UNDER HIGH-PRESSURE AND ENERGY-LIMITED CONDITIONS? AND (II) WHAT IS THE ROLE OF VIRUS-HOST INTERACTIONS

ROLE OF HOPANOID MICROBIAL LIPIDS IN A LEGUME:MICROBE NITROGEN-FIXING SYMBIOSIS

FROM COMPARATIVE GENOMICS TO PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION

CAPP: COMBINING ALGAL AND PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

BIOCHEMICAL INTEGRATION OF METABOLIC NETWORKS CRITICAL FOR ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII

MRI CONSORTIUM: DEVELOPMENT OF A MONOCHROMATOR SYSTEM FOR ENABLING NEW IMAGING AND SUBMICRON PROBES FOR HIGH PRESSURE RESEARCH

FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND BONDING IN FERROELECTRICS

FIRST PRINCIPLE 'S MD FERROELECTRICS

RENEWAL-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ELASTICITY, RHEOLOGY, VOLUME, AND TEXTURE OF MATERIALS AT PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE AND C

AS THE NEED TO QUANTIFY, MONITOR, AND UNDERSTAND NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FLUXES OF CARBON DIOXIDE (C02) HAS GROWN, REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATIONS OF C

MRI: ACQUISITION OF A MULTIPLE COLLECTOR ICPMS FOR GEOCHEMICAL AND COSMOCHEMICAL STUDIES AT DTM

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DRIVERS OF VARIATION IN TREE HYDRAULIC PROCESSES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR CLIMATE FEEDBACKS

WE PROPOSE TO IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE PRESOLAR MATERIAL IN METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES (IDPS) USING A WIDE RANGE OF MICROANALYTICA

LATENT-HEAT BASED MEASUREMENTS OF THE MELTING CURVE OF IRON TO THE PRESSURE OF EARTH?S INNER CORE BOUNDARY

CSEDI COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL TRANSPORT IN IRON AND IRON ALLOYS AT CORE CONDITIONS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE GEODYNAMO AND THERMAL EARTH HISTORY

CARBON-BASED CLATHRATES AS A NEW CLASS OF SP3-BONDED FRAMEWORK MATERIALS

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF CONTINENTAL INTRAPLATE TECTONOMAGMATISM: A CASE STUDY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF BRASSINOSTEROID-REGULATED PROTEINS

THERMO ORBITRAP ECLIPSE TRIBRID WITH ETD AND AN ULTIMATE 3000 RSLCNANO SYSTEM - THIS PROPOSAL IS SEEKING FUNDS FOR A THERMO ORBITRAP ECLIPSE TRIBRID WITH ETD AND AN ULTIMATE 3000 RSLCNANO SYSTEM TO MEET INCREASING DEMANDS FOR PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS FOR 10 LABS FROM TWO DEPARTMENTS OF CARNEGIE INSTITUTION (NINE ARE FUNDED BY NIH) AND FOR THREE LABS AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY ( TWO ARE FUNDED BY NIH). THE CISMS IS EQUIPPED WITH ONE INSTRUMENT ORBITRAP Q EXACTIVE HF. WITH ONLY HCD MODE AND LACK OF MS3 FUNCTIONALITY, LACK OF SOPHISTICATED CONFIGURATION AND SOFTWARE, THE CURRENT INSTRUMENT CAN NO LONGER MEET THE DEMANDS OF CURRENT NIH-FUNDED RESEARCH AT OUR INSTITUTION. IN PARTICULAR, THE NEEDS OF MANY RESEARCHERS IN THE AREA OF POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS (SUCH AS O-GLCNACYLATION, O-FUCOSYLATION, PRENYLATION, METHYLATION), CROSS-LINKING MASS SPECTROMETRY, CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND SINGLE-CELL PROTEOMICS, RRNA MODIFICATION, PROTEIN-RNA INTERFACE MAPPING, AND ENHANCED QUANTIFICATION USING TMT MULTIPLEXING, ARE CURRENTLY NOT BEING MET WITH EXISTING INSTRUMENTATION. THUS, THE PLANNED ACQUISITION OF ORBITRAP ECLIPSE ETD IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMPLETION OF NIH-SUPPORTED RESEARCH, AND THEREBY IS FULLY BACKED BY OUR RESEARCH COMMUNITY. THE PROPOSED INSTRUMENT IS TO BE HOUSED WITHIN CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE MASS SPECTROMETRY FACILITY(CIS-MS) WHICH IS HIGHLY USED BY RESEARCHERS THROUGHOUT THE REGION. THE REQUESTED ORBITRAP ECLIPSE WITH ETD NOT ONLY DOUBLES THE CAPACITY OF THE FACILITY, BUT ALSO PROVIDES SEVERAL KEY CAPABILITIES NOT AVAILABLE ON THE CURRENT INSTRUMENT OF THE FACILITY. IN PARTICULAR, ETD AND HYBRID ETHCD FRAGMENTATION MODES, WITH MS3 AND WITH SOPHISTICATED CONFIGURATION AND SOFTWARE, ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PROJECTS THAT STUDY SITE-SPECIFIC POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION ANALYSIS SUCH AS O-GLCNACYLATION AND O-FUCOSYLATION, AND PRENYLATION, AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING MSCLEAVABLE CROSS-LINKER, AND RRNA POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THE ABILITY TO PERFORM REAL-TIME SEARCH, SYNCHRONOUS PRECURSOR SELECTION (SPS) AND MS3 FRAGMENTATION FOR TMT ISOBARIC QUANTIFICATION IS REQUESTED FROM SEVERAL GROUPS FOR PROJECTS THAT DEMAND HIGH ACCURACY, HIGH SENSITIVITY AND HIGH THROUGHPUT FOR PROTEOMICS AND PHOSPHOPROTEOMICS, CELL TYPE PROTEOMICS AND SINGLE-CELL PROTEOMICS. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE INSTRUMENT WILL BE PERFORMED BY EXPERIENCED STAFF IN CIS-MS. THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION PROVIDES THE $567,739.80 MATCH REQUIRED TO MEET THE FULL PRICE OF THE SYSTEM, AND ENSURES FULL SUPPORT FOR THE FACILITY DIRECTOR AND TWO SUPPORTING STAFF, AS WELL AS SERVICE CONTRACT FOR YEAR 2 AND THE REMAINING EFFECTIVE LIFETIME OF THE INSTRUMENT AFTER THE ONE-YEAR WARRANTY.

THIS PROPOSAL OUTLINES AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EFFORT AIMED AT QUANTITATIVELY EVALUATING THE ROLES THAT IRRADIATION PLAYED IN THE EVOLUTION OF ICES AND

RATIONALLY DESIGNED MATERIALS THROUGH KINETICALLY CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS

FIRST PRINCIPLES SIMULATIONS AND DESIGN OF ELECTROMECHANICAL MATERIALS

LANDSCAPE MAPPING OF GIANT SEQUOIA DROUGHT STRESS

FILLING KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS: INTEGRATED GLOBAL APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND H2 METABOLISM IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTI

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: THE ROLE OF HOST NUTRIENT CARRIERS IN PATHOGEN SUSCEPTIBILITY

NOVEL ASPECTS OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN THERMOPHILIC CYANOBACTERIA

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: EDGE CMT: POLYGENIC TRAITS OF HEAT STRESS PHENOME IN CORAL DARK GENES FROM GENOME TO FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS

THE ABUNDANCES AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN IN GLASSES&MINERALS FROM CHONDRULES AND CAIS CAN POTENTIALLY PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY FORMED AND/OR SUBSEQUENT MODIFICATION IN THEIR PARENT BODIES. IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM END MEMBER VOLATILE SOURCES INCLUDE THE SOLAR NEBULA GAS AND WATER ICE; THESE TWO SOURCES HAVE D/H RATIOS THAT DIFFER BY UP TO AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE AND ARE ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY VERY DIFFERENT O ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS. ADDITIONALLY COUPLED DATA ON DEGREE OF HYDRATION AND O ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS OF CHONDRULES AND CAIS CAN POTENTIALLY IDENTIFY OPEN-SYSTEM BEHAVIOR IN PHASES THAT ARE USED FOR AL-MG PB-PB SM-ND AND HF-W CHRONOMETRY. OBJECTIVES: WE WILL EXAMINE CHONDRULES AND CAIS IN THE MOST PRIMITIVE (I.E. THE LEAST METAMORPHOSED AND AQUEOUSLY ALTERED) CO CM CR AND CV CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES AND THE ORDINARY CHONDRITES SEMARKONA AND MET00526 TO DETERMINE IF THEY (A) PRESERVE EVIDENCE FOR VOLATILES INCORPORATED FROM THE SOLAR NEBULA POTENTIALLY RECORDING THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF HYDROGEN DURING THEIR FORMATION; AND (B) RECORD OPEN-SYSTEM BEHAVIOR FOR H O IN THEIR PARENT BODIES. NEBULAR SIGNATURES CAN BE OVERPRINTED BY LATER INTERACTIONS WITH LOW-TEMPERATURE H2O-RICH FLUIDS IN CHONDRITE PARENT BODIES ACCOMPANIED BY HYDRATION AND FORMATION OF MOLECULAR H2O IN GLASS THAT IS FAR IN EXCESS OF THE H2O/OH RATIO TYPICAL OF QUENCHED HIGH-TEMPERATURE MELTS. THIS EXCESS MOLECULAR H2O IS READILY OBSERVED BY FTIR (SO MUCH SO THAT IT HAS FORMED THE FOUNDATION OF AN H2O-DIFFUSION-BASED DATING METHOD FOR OBSIDIAN TOOLS IN ARCHAEOLOGY). WE WILL USE SEM EPMA SIMS FTIR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TO FOCUS ON DOCUMENTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATIONS AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF H AND O IN CHONDRULES AND CAIS AND THE H2O/OH RATIO IN CHONDRULE GLASSES IN THE LEAST ALTERED AND METAMORPHOSED CHONDRITES IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE SOURCES OF HYDROGEN PRESENT IN THE EARLIEST INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. OUR ULTIMATE AIM IS THE DETECTION OF NEBULAR H IN CHONDRULES AND/OR CAIS. THIS WILL BE CHALLENGING AS NOT ONLY DO WE EXPECT CONCENTRATIONS TO BE LOW (THOUGH LIKELY WITHIN THE SIMS DETECTION LIMITS OF OUR ~0.1 PPM) BUT WE MUST ALSO EXCLUDE THE POTENTIAL OVERPRINTING BY THERMAL METAMORPHISM AND/OR AQUEOUS ALTERATION. THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE CONSTRAINTS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS THAT EXIST TO EXPLAIN CHONDRULE AND CAI FORMATION AND THE SOURCES OF ALTERING FLUIDS AND THE MECHANISMS OF FLUID-ROCK INTERACTION IN THE CHONDRITES. IN PAST WORK WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A UNIQUE ABILITY TO DETECT VERY LOW LEVELS OF HYDROGEN SILICATE MINERALS AND GLASSES BY SIMS WITH DETECTION LIMITS BETTER THAN 0.1 PPM. ADDITIONALLY OUR PRIOR WORK ON LUNAR VOLCANIC GLASSES AND MELT INCLUSIONS HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT WE CAN OBTAIN RELIABLE DATA ON H ISOTOPES AT TOTAL H CONCENTRATIONS<0.6 PPM (5.4 PPM H2O) AND SPATIALLY-RESOLVED ANALYSES OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES AT THE MICRON SCALE OBTAINED BY SCANNING ION IMAGING SIMS. WE ARE THUS IN THE BEST POSSIBLE POSITION TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING AND CHARACTERIZING THE VOLATILE SIGNATURES OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS IN CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES. RELEVANCE: THIS STUDY WILL ADDRESS SEVERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE EMERGING WORLDS PROGRAM INCLUDING: (1) PROTOPLANETARY DISK FORMATION AND EVOLUTION (2) NEBULAR TRANSPORT MECHANISMS (3) LARGE-SCALE CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION PROCESSES (4) CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF GAS DUST AND ICE (5) THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANCIENT MATERIALS (CAIS CHONDRULES) (6) EARLY THERMAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING ON SMALL BODIES AND (7) PROCESSES THAT OCCUR ON SOLAR-SYSTEM BODIES DURING THE PERIOD OF GLOBAL DIFFERENTIATION. THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT A POSTDOC AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON AND PROVIDE ANALYTICAL SUPPORT FOR A GRADUATE STUDENT AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.

SCIENCE GOALS: TO ENABLE INTERPRETATION OF VISIBLE TO NEAR-IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC IMAGING OF DEBRIS DISKS, WE PROPOSE REALISTIC MODELING OF SCATTERING

ELEMENT PARTITIONING IN EARTH'S DEEP MAGMA OCEAN

E014042 - QUANTIFYING CLIMATE SENSITIVITIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION IN ARCTIC AND BOREAL ECOSYSTEMS FROM TOP-DOWNOBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PLANETARY DIFFERENTIATION AND CORE COMPOSITION

MRI: ACQUISITION OF A THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETER FOR STUDIES OF THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE SOLID EARTH

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: SALT-STRESS REGULATION OF SPATIOTEMPORAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE ARABIDOPSIS ROOT

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: EXPLORING THE COMPOSITIONS OF EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS WITH OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF DUSTY CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS -THE GOAL OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION OF ROCKY MATERIAL ORBITING OTHER STARS. WHEN ROCKS COLLIDE, THEY RELEASE SMALL DUST PARTICLES THAT REFLECT AND ABSORB STARLIGHT. THIS PROJECT WILL INVOLVE BOTH OBSERVATIONS OF THIS DUST AROUND OTHER STARS AND MODELING OF THAT DUST. THE LOCATION OF DUST IS INTERESTING BECAUSE IT REVEALS WHERE SMALL ROCKY ASTEROIDS FORMED AND WERE LEFT UNPERTURBED BY PLANETS. MODELING OF THE DUST CAN REVEAL WHAT IT IS MADE OF, SUCH AS THE AMOUNTS OF SILICON, OXYGEN, ICE, AND CARBON. SMALL ROCKY BODIES ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PLANETS. DUST AND ASTEROID COMPOSITIONS PROVIDE A WINDOW INTO THE TYPES OF PLANETS THAT MAY ALSO ORBIT THOSE STARS. AT CARNEGIE, EACH SUMMER AN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT WHO DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO RESEARCH AT THEIR HOME INSTITUTION WILL PARTICIPATE IN THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM AND BE PART OF A COHORT OF STUDENTS WHO WILL PARTICIPATE IN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TEAM-BUILDING ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO ENHANCE THEIR RESEARCH EXPERIENCE. A GRADUATE STUDENT WILL BENEFIT FROM CO-MENTORSHIP THAT INCLUDES TRAINING IN ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTATION AT UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AND IN INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH A CARNEGIE?S EARTH AND PLANETS LABORATORY. THE INVESTIGATORS WILL USE A NEW IMAGING SYSTEM, MAGAO-X, AT THE MAGELLAN TELESCOPE. THIS SYSTEM REMOVES THE DISTORTING EFFECTS OF THE EARTH?S ATMOSPHERE SO THAT IMAGES OF OTHER STARS ARE AS SHARP AS POSSIBLE. DISKS OF DUST AROUND OTHER STARS FAINTLY REFLECT THE LIGHT OF THEIR STARS, AND MAGAO-X CAN OBSERVE THE COLOR OF THIS REFLECTED LIGHT. TO INTERPRET THE IMAGES, THE INVESTIGATORS WILL MAKE MODELS OF HOW DUST OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITION REFLECTS STARLIGHT. A GRADUATE STUDENT AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WILL WORK ON THE PROJECT. THEY WILL GET TRAINING IN INTERDISCIPLINARY ASTRONOMICAL AND PLANETARY SCIENCES AND IN TELESCOPE HARDWARE. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

COMBINING ALGAL AND PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS (CAPP2): APPLICATION TO EXTEND THE NSF/BBSRC PSIL COLLABORATION

THE FATE OF EARTH'S PLATES: SUBLITHOPSHERIC DIAMOND CONSTRAINTS ON RECYCLING IN EARTH?S MANTLE TRANSITION ZONE

COMPOSITIONS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MOBILITY OF LIQUIDS AT HIGH PRESSURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENTIATION AND CORE PROPERTIES OF PLANETARY BODIES WIDESPREAD DIFFERENTIATION IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM IS SUPPORTED BY EXTENSIVE STUDIES OF METEORITES AND ASTEROIDS. DIFFERENTIATION OF LARGE PLANETESIMALS (>100 KM) AND SMALL PLANETARY BODIES AT EARLY STAGE OF THE PLANET FORMATION IS AN IMPORTANT PROCESS TO REDISTRIBUTE MATERIALS AND ENERGY IN THE INTERIORS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF METALLIC CORES. THE DIFFERENTIATED PLANETESIMALS ALSO HAVE MAJOR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF METEORITE GROUPS AND HISTORIES OF ASTEROIDS AND PLANETS. DIFFERENTIATION CERTAINLY OCCURS IN PLANETARY BODIES IN SIZES FROM HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS TO MARS-SIZE WHICH IS THE PROCESS THAT CAN BE SIMULATED IN HIGH-PRESSURE EXPERIMENTS IN THE RANGE OF 0.1-25 GPA. ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS IS HOW THE MOLTEN METAL PERCOLATED THROUGH A SILICATE MATRIX TO FORM A METALLIC CORE DURING THE EARLY DIFFERENTIATION. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION WE WILL SIMULATE THE METAL-SILICATE SEPARATION PROCESS DURING THE EARLY DIFFERENTIATION BY EXAMINING MOBILITY OF LIQUID METAL IN SILICATE MATRIX AND REDISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS IN THE INTERIOR OF THE PLANETARY BODIES. THE FOCUS OF THIS PROPOSAL WILL BE (1) TO EXAMINE FE-NI-S LIQUID PERCOLATION IN A CHONDRITIC MANTLE COMPOSITION (MULTI-PHASE ASSEMBLAGE) IN THE PRESSURE RANGE OF 0.1-6 GPA (2) TO INVESTIGATE PERCOLATIVE BEHAVIOR AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS IN THE FE-NI-S-O-SI-C SYSTEM UP TO 8 GPA AND (3) TO DETERMINE THE CHANGE OF THE DIHEDRAL ANGLE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH IN THE MATRIAN MANTLE. WE ARE TAKING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO STUDY MOBILITY AND CHEMISTRY OF CORE MATERIALS IN NATURAL COMPOSITIONS. THE EXPECTED RESULTS WILL PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO EARLY DIFFERENTIATION PROCESSES IN LARGE PLANETESIMALS AND SMALL PLANETARY BODIES AND CORE COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENTIATED BODIES IN GENERAL. THE PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS WILL BE CONDUCTED IN THE PISTON-CYLINDER AND MULTI-ANVIL HIGH-PRESSURE DEVICES THAT ARE USED TO SIMULATE THE PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS OF LARGE PLANETESIMALS AND SMALL PLANETARY BODIES DURING DIFFERENTIATION. THE PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS ARE BUILT ON OUR EXPERIENCES IN HIGH-PRESSURE SIMULATIONS AND SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ANALYTICAL AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES TO THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH. QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE PERCOLATIVE BEHAVIOR OF METALLIC LIQUID IN COMPLEX NATURAL COMPOSITIONS BECOME POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-RESOLUTION 3D IMAGE BY USING FOCUS-ION-BEAM/SEM CROSSBEAM INSTRUMENT OPENING A NEW RESEARCH DIRECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATIONS OF PLANETARY PROCESSES. WE HAVE THE EXPERTISE AND RESOURCES TO ACCOMPLISH THE PROPOSED RESEARCH AND EXPECT TO OBTAIN HIGH-QUALITY DATA THAT ARE FUNDAMENTAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE INTERIOR PROCESSES OF THE PLANETARY BODIES. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH IS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE EMERGING WORLDS PROGRAM INCLUDING (1) FORMATION ACCRETION AND STABILITY OF SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES AND (2) EARLY THERMAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING ON SMALL BODIES REGARDLESS OF WHETHER OR WHEN THEY DIFFERENTIATED.

FIRST-PRINCIPLES THEORY AND FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENTS ON NEW TRANSDUCER MATERIALS FOR NAVAL APPLICATIONS

POWERING THE CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISM: ROLE AND MOLECULAR PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON FLOW MICRODOMAINS

A LINE-1 RETROTRANSPOSITION-DEFICIENT MOUSE GENOME

OPTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL COUPLINGS IN MICROSAMPLES

MRI: ACQUISITION OF A DUALBEAM FIB/SEM

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PLANT AND BACTERIAL FAMILY OF LOV-DOMAIN FLAVOPROTEINS

THIS PROPOSAL SEEKS TO EXPAND ON RESEARCH CONDUCTED USING A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE A SUITE OF MARTIAN METEORITES INCLUDING THE RECENT TISSI

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF ICES AND GASES UNDER THE INTERIOR PRESSURES OF OUTER PLANETARY BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM JOVIAN PLANETS AND GALILEAN SATEL

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: THE EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF POLLEN-PISTIL INCOMPATIBILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN ZEA MAYS

MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AT HIGH PRESSURES

REU SITE: EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE INTERDSCIPLINARY INTERNSHIPS AT CARNEGIE (EPIIC) -THE EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE INTERDISCIPLINARY INTERNSHIPS PROGRAM AT CARNEGIE WILL INTRODUCE THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH AT THE INTERSECTIONS OF: ASTRONOMY, ASTROBIOLOGY, BIO-/ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY, COSMOCHEMISTRY, DATA SCIENCE, EXPERIMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, HIGH-PRESSURE MINERAL PHYSICS, MINERALOGY, ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY; TO UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT PREVIOUS RESEARCH EXPERIENCE. THE EPIIC REU WILL PROVIDE THE RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES NEEDED FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH LIMITED OPTIONS FOR STEM-RELATED RESEARCH, TO GROW INTO A NEW GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS. THE PROGRAM WILL RECRUIT ITS STUDENTS FROM A HIGHLY-DIVERSE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS THAT INCLUDES COMMUNITY AND LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGES, 4-YEAR UNIVERSITIES WITH/OUT STRONG RESEARCH PROGRAMS. AT LEAST HALF OF THE INTERNSHIPS WILL BE OFFERED TO UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS IN STEM EDUCATION (RACE, GENDER, INCOME, DISABILITY, VETERAN STATUS). THE PROGRAM WILL IMMERSE STUDENTS INTO A VIGOROUS RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT TO BUILD PARTICIPANT SELF-CONFIDENCE AS THEY GAIN NEW SKILLS, AND THUS FOSTER THEIR FUTURE INVOLVEMENT IN SCIENCE. EPIIC WILL PROVIDE A LEARNING ENVIRONMENT THAT EMBRACES DIVERSITY, PREPARES STUDENTS FOR ACADEMIC CAREERS, AND WHICH IS BASED ON MUTUAL RESPECT FOR PEERS? INTELLECTUALITY AND IDEAS; THUS PREPARING THEM TO BE ACTIVE MEMBERS OF OUR PLURALISTIC SOCIETY. THE PROJECT, THEREFORE, IS EXPECTED TO PROMOTE THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE AND ADVANCE THE PROSPERITY AND WELFARE OF POSTSECONDARY STUDENTS. IN THIS HIGHLY INTERDISCIPLINARY REU PROGRAM, STUDENTS WILL CONDUCT CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH AND GAIN HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE THAT INCLUDES TRAINING WITH SOPHISTICATED EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT. THE 10-WEEK PROGRAM IS PLANNED TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF STUDENTS? RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND EXPECTS THEIR PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL MEETINGS AND PEER-REVIEW PUBLICATIONS. STUDENTS WILL BE FULL MEMBERS OF THEIR MENTORS? RESEARCH GROUPS, ATTEND WEEKLY SEMINARS AND SOCIAL EVENTS, AND LIVE TOGETHER ON THE CAMPUS OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITY TO HELP ESTABLISH A COLLEGIAL COHORT. EPIIC?S INTENSITY AND TRAINING WILL PREPARE ITS PARTICIPANTS FOR GRADUATE STUDENT LIFE. MAINTAINING STUDENT-MENTOR(S) COMMUNICATIONS BEYOND THE SUMMER REU PROGRAM IS ENCOURAGED TO FACILITATE PARTICIPANT TRANSITION INTO STEM-RELATED CAREERS. THE PROGRAM WILL BE EVALUATED BY A SERIES OF SURVEYS AND TOOLS EMPLOYED UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AN EXTERNAL ADVISOR. THE LONG-TERM SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAM SUCCESS WILL BE MEASURED BY: I) THE NUMBER OF REU STUDENTS WHO FOLLOW A STEM-RELATED CAREER, INCLUDING THE NUMBER OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS THAT TRANSFER TO A 4-YEAR UNIVERSITY AS SCIENCE MAJORS, II) THE EXTENT OF THE PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS UNDERREPRESENTED IN STEM EDUCATION, AND III) STUDENTS? UNDERSTANDING OF THE BROADER IMPACTS OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ETHICAL, INCLUSIVE AND FACT-DRIVEN SOCIETY. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

"ABIOTIC MACROMOLECULAR CARBON; ITS NATURE PROVENANCE AND SYNTHESIS FROM MANTLE VOLATILES ON MARS A

THIS PROJECT DIRECTLY ADDRESSES NASA'S TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY PROGRAM STATED GOAL OF IMPROVING UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEMS

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: NOVEL SILICON-BASED OPTOELECTRONIC MATERIALS -NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: SILICON IS AN ESSENTIAL SEMICONDUCTOR FOR THE MAJORITY OF MODERN ELECTRONIC AND SOLAR-ENERGY DEVICES. NEVERTHELESS, THE NORMAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF SILICON THAT IS CURRENTLY USED HAS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THAT LIMIT LIGHT ABSORPTION/EMISSION PROCESSES AND OTHER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. IN CONTRAST, DIFFERENT CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF SILICON WITH ALTERNATIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN OVERCOME THESE CHALLENGES AND IMPACT A RANGE OF TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDING SOLID-STATE DETECTORS, OPTICAL COMMUNICATION, AND ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES, WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY MAINTAINING THE INTRINSIC ADVANTAGES OF SILICON, SUCH AS NATURAL ABUNDANCE AND LOW TOXICITY. THIS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT AIMS TO DEVELOP AND DISCOVER COMPLETELY NEW CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES OF SILICON AND SILICON-BASED COMPOUNDS WITH ENHANCED AND/OR COMPLEMENTARY OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES USING A JOINT THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY. RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING RECENTLY DISCOVERED CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF SILICON, AND ON REVEALING NOVEL SYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE ADDITIONAL SILICON-BASED MATERIALS WITH COMPUTATIONAL GUIDANCE. IN CONTRAST TO CONVENTIONAL SYNTHETIC APPROACHES THAT TAKE PLACE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND LOW PRESSURES, ACCESS TO NEW SILICON STRUCTURES IN THIS PROJECT IS ENABLED BY THE UTILIZATION OF VERY HIGH PRESSURES (UP TO ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND TIMES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE) AND MODERATE TEMPERATURES. THESE UNIQUE PROCESSING CONDITIONS PROVIDE ACCESS TO NEW SILICON STRUCTURES POSSESSING A RANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES THAT EXTEND BEYOND THOSE OF THE NORMAL FORM OF SILICON THAT IS CURRENTLY USED. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT IS EXECUTED WITHIN AN EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT THAT PROMOTES THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS AND POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLARS AND EMPHASIZES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATH (STEM) CAREER TRAJECTORIES. THE METHODOLOGIES DEVELOPED FOR THIS PROJECT ARE EXPECTED TO BE GENERALIZABLE TO OTHER CLASSES OF MATERIALS BEYOND SILICON. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: MODERN COMPUTATIONAL METHODS PREDICT THE EXISTENCE OF NEW MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES WITH REMARKABLE ACCURACY. NEVERTHELESS, PRACTICAL SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES ARE NEEDED TO ACCESS A PLETHORA OF HYPOTHETICAL MATERIALS WITH SUPERLATIVE PROPERTIES. THIS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT EXPLORES THE DEPTH OF REALIZABLE MATERIALS FOR SILICON AND PROBES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METASTABLE ALLOTROPES/COMPOUNDS AND OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE NEW STRUCTURES OF SILICON WITH PROPERTIES THAT EXCEED OR COMPLEMENT THE NORMAL DIAMOND-CUBIC FORM. ACCOMPANYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO NOVEL SILICON ALLOTROPES (SI24 AND 4H-SI) VIA CRYSTAL GROWTH, DOPING, STRAIN ENGINEERING AND PROPERTIES OPTIMIZATION, THE DISCOVERY OF ADDITIONAL SILICON ALLOTROPES AND COMPOUNDS IS ENABLED USING UNIQUE HIGH-PRESSURE SYNTHETIC METHODS GUIDED BY AB INITIO TRANSITION PATHWAY AND STRUCTURE SEARCHING PREDICTIONS. THE COMPREHENSIVE EXPLORATION OF COMPLEX POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES IS FACILITATED THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT MACHINE LEARNING METHODOLOGIES. THE RESEARCH EXPANDS THE LIBRARY OF SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO KINETICALLY CONTROLLED SILICON-BASED MATERIALS USING NOVEL PRECURSORS, AND THE INTRINSIC OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NEW SILICON ALLOTROPES AND COMPOUNDS ARE DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY. THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE PROJECT IS TO PRODUCE AND CHARACTERIZE NEW SILICON PHASES WITH ENHANCED OPTOELECTRONIC FUNCTION AND THE POTENTIAL TO INFORM NEXT-GENERATION TECHNOLOGY. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

PRESOLAR GRAINS OF STARDUST ARE A TRACE CONSTITUENT OF PRIMITIVE METEORITICAL MATERIALS AND PROVIDE CRUCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE STARTING MATERIALS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM THE ASTROPHYSICAL CONTEXT OF SOLAR SYSTEM FORMATION TRANSPORT AND PROCESSING OF DUST IN OUR PROTOPLANETARY DISK AND PLANETESIMAL ALTERATION DURING THE EARLIEST STAGES OF PLANET FORMATION. WE PROPOSE THREE MULTI-TECHNIQUE (NANOSIMS TEM NANOFTIR RAMAN) MICROANALYTICAL STUDIES OF PRESOLAR GRAINS IN METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES DESIGNED TO ADDRESS SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS OF HIGH RELEVANCE TO THE EMERGING WORLDS PROGRAM. THE PROPOSED WORK BUILDS ON OUR STRONG PRIOR RECORD OF PRESOLAR GRAIN RESEARCH AND MUCH OF IT WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE OF A NEW NASA-FUNDED HIGH-RESOLUTION RF PLASMA NEGATIVE O ION SOURCE FOR THE CARNEGIE NANOSIMS 50L ION PROBE EXPECTED TO BE INSTALLED IN EARLY 2017. IT ALSO WILL BENEFIT FROM COLLABORATION WITH WORLD EXPERTS IN STELLAR EVOLUTION AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS THEORY TO AID IN INTERPRETATION OF ISOTOPIC DATA. THE PROPOSED STUDIES INCLUDE: 1) ISOTOPIC (CR AND O) AND TEM CHARACTERIZATION OF 54CR RICH PRESOLAR GRAINS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEIR ORIGIN AND THAT OF BULK NUCLEOSYNTHETIC ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS IN PLANETARY MATERIALS. THE NEW PLASMA ION SOURCE WILL BE CRUCIAL TO IDENTIFICATION OF THESE GRAINS WHICH CAN THEN BE TARGETED FOR FURTHER ISOTOPIC AND TEM ANALYSIS. 2) ISOTOPIC MINERALOGICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PRESOLAR SILICATE GRAINS. THE NEW ION SOURCE WILL ENABLE ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS OF KEY ELEMENTS (MG SI CA FE K ) THAT HAVE THUS FAR BEEN TECHNICALLY CHALLENGING OR IMPOSSIBLE. MOREOVER WE WILL USE NANOFTIR AND HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY TO CHARACTERIZE THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL PRESOLAR SILICATE GRAINS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE GROUND TRUTH FOR REMOTESENSING OBSERVATIONS OF CIRCUMSTELLAR INTERSTELLAR AND COMETARY DUST. 3) ISOTOPIC AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRESOLAR SIC GRAINS AND THEIR SUB-GRAINS IN METEORITES. WE WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE OF NEW NONDESTRUCTIVE (RAMAN AND SEM-EDS BASED) METHODS WE HAVE DEVELOPED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF RARE SUB-POPULATIONS OF SIC GRAINS. THIS WORK WILL PROVIDE GROUND-TRUTH ON THE NUCLEOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR ISOTOPIC VARIABILITY OBSERVED IN PLANETARY MATERIALS AND ON GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BULK SOLAR COMPOSITION AND PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO DUST CONDENSATION PROCESSES. THESE STUDIES WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE BOTH OF THE NEW O SOURCE (FOR EXAMPLE TO MEASURE TI ISOTOPES IN TINY TIC AND TIN SUBGRAINS) AND OF THE EXCITING NEW CHILI INSTRUMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (TO MEASURE TRACE-ELEMENT ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF IMPORTANT ELEMENTS INCLUDING MO ZR BA ND FE AND NI). WE WILL ALSO EXPLORE APPLICATIONS OF A NEW ACCELERATOR-BASED SIMS INSTRUMENT RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED AT THE NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY.

GEOPHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETSTHIS PROPOSAL REQUESTS SUPPORT TO CONTINUE OUR WORK

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY ARABIDOPSIS LITTLE ZIPPER PROTEINS

GENETIC, GENOMIC, AND BIOCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO ELUCIDATE CONTROL OF SULFUR DEPRIVATION RESPONSES

A UNIVERSAL DNA HEMIMETHYLATION PROBE

AN RNA:DNA INTERMEDIATE OF LINE-1 RETROTRANSPOSITION - A NOVEL TRIGGER OF CYTOTOXICITY

SERINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEINS IN EVOLUTION OF LACTOBACILLUS-HOST SPECIFICITY - ABSTRACT PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLI COLONIZE MUCOSAE AND BENEFIT HUMAN HEALTH BY PREVENTING INFECTIONS, REDUCING CANCER RISK, AND IMPROVING METABOLISM. AMONG THE LACTOBACILLI, LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY STUDIED PROBIOTICS. LACTOBACILLI USE SURFACE MOLECULES CALLED ADHESINS TO FORM PHYSICAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOST TISSUES, AND SERINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEINS (SRRPS) ARE ONE SPECIFIC CLASS OF ADHESIN USED BY PROBIOTICS AND PATHOGENS ALIKE WITHIN IN THE LACTOBACILLACEAE. A KEY GAP IN OUR KNOWLEDGE IS HOW THESE PROTEINS EVOLVE SPECIFICITY FOR THEIR COLONIZATION SITE WITHIN THE HOST. THIS PROPOSAL INVESTIGATES THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CELL-CELL COMPETITION INSIDE THE HOST CREATES AN EVOLUTIONARY SELECTION PRESSURE ON SRRP GENES TO MAXIMIZE BACTERIAL CELL FITNESS INSIDE THE HOST. WE INVESTIGATE THE FIRST SRRP GENES DISCOVERED IN L. PLANTARUM, WHICH WE FOUND TO BE NECESSARY FOR COLONIZATION OF A SPECIFIC PHYSICAL NICHE IN THE HOST DIGESTIVE TRACT. THE PROPOSAL WILL EXAMINE EVOLUTION AND SPECIALIZATION OF THE SRRP GENES AS WELL AS THE FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC SUBDOMAINS OF THE PROTEIN FOR THEIR ROLE IN BINDING HOST MUCUS VS FORMING A BIOFILM, VS PROMOTING BACTERIAL GROWTH WITHIN THE NICHE BY ENZYMATICALLY LIBERATING HOST GLYCANS. WE WILL USE IN VIVO ASSAYS TO CONNECT THE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF THE SRRPS TO CELLULAR FITNESS IN THE HOST. THESE ASSAYS INCLUDE IMAGING THE BACTERIA AT SINGLE CELL RESOLUTION INSIDE THE GUTS OF LIVING ANIMALS TO VISUALIZE THE CELL-CELL COMPETITION DIRECTLY. SUCCESS IN THIS WORK COULD DEVELOP AN UNPARALLELED MODEL SYSTEM TO STUDY THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIZATION SPECIFICITY. DUE TO THE WIDE CONSERVATION OF SRRPS IN BINDING HOST MUCUS, THIS MODEL MAY REVEAL CONSERVED GENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO DEVELOP BETTER PROBIOTICS FOR HUMANS AND COMBAT MUCOSAL PATHOGENS.

THE POTENTIAL FOR RESTORATION TO BREAK THE GRASS/FIRE CYCLE IN DRYLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN HAWAII

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: EXPLORING GALAXY GROWTH IN DIVERSE Z~2.5 COSMIC ENVIRONMENTS WITH LYMAN-ALPHA TOMOGRAPHY

TAS::57 3600::TAS "(YIP-11) NOVEL GENETIC TOOLS TO ACCELERATE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND LIPID ACCUMULATION"

THE MAGMATIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE KERMADEC-TONGA ARC SUBMARINE VOLCANOES -UNDERWATER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS RESULT IN UNIQUE PRODUCTS AND HAZARDS, BUT REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS PROJECT WILL REVEAL THE DEPTH AND VOLUME OF MAGMA STORED BENEATH 60 UNDERWATER VOLCANOES. A NOVEL METHOD WILL BE USED DETECT MAGMA BENEATH THE ENTIRE KERMADEC-TONGA ARC FROM GRAVITY ANOMALIES DERIVED FROM NEW SATELLITE ALTIMETRY DATA. THE UNPRECEDENTED SPATIAL SCALE AND HIGH RESOLUTION OF THE DATA WILL ANSWER LONGSTANDING QUESTIONS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE WHAT CONTROLS THE DEPTH OF THE MAGMA CHAMBER AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERUPTION FREQUENCY AND MAGMA STORAGE VOLUME. THE PROJECT WILL CREATE OPEN-ACCESS SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE. IT SUPPORTS AN EARLY-CAREER PI AND TRAINING OF A POSTDOCTORAL SCIENTIST. THE RESULTS WILL BE SHARED WITH THE PUBLIC THROUGH A DIGITAL ATLAS OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES. SUBMARINE VOLCANISM RESULTS IN UNIQUE ERUPTION PRODUCTS AND GEOHAZARDS THAT REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS PROJECT WILL USE THE NEW SURFACE WATER OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY SATELLITE ALTIMETRY DATA TO CALCULATE GRAVITY ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH 60 UNDERWATER VOLCANOES ALONG THE KERMADEC-TONGA ARC AND DERIVE 3D IMAGES OF THEIR MAGMATIC SYSTEMS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN RELATION TO MAGMA VOLUME, HYDROTHERMAL FLUID, AND MAGMA STORAGE UNDER THESE VOLCANOES WILL BE INVESTIGATED BY USING A NOVEL GEOPHYSICAL INVERSION METHOD. THE NEW DATA WILL ADDRESS KEY QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT CONTROLS MAGMA STORAGE DEPTH AND VOLUME. EIGHT ACTIVE CALDERAS ALONG THE ARC WHERE GEOMAGNETIC, SHIP GRAVITY AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE ALSO WILL BE STUDIED USING JOINT-INVERSION TECHNIQUES TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER CALDERAS HOST SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER VOLUMES OF MAGMA THAN OTHER VOLCANOES. THE NEW INSIGHTS GAINED INTO THE ARC MAGMATIC SYSTEMS WILL HELP ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERUPTION FREQUENCY AND STORED MAGMA VOLUMES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANIC HAZARDS. THE METHODS AND DATA WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY THROUGH A JUPYTER BOOK WITH TUTORIALS FOR A PYTHON PACKAGE TO CALCULATE GRAVITY ANOMALIES FROM ALTIMETRY. THE RESULTS WILL BE SHARED WITH THE GENERAL PUBLIC THROUGH A DIGITAL ATLAS OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES DEVELOPED USING THE STORY-MAP FORMAT. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.- SUBAWARDS ARE NOT PLANNED FOR THIS AWARD.

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT - PUSHING THE PRECISION OF TYPE IA SUPERNOVAE AS COSMOLOGICAL STANDARD CANDLES

A WINDOW INTO THE EARLY STEPS IN PLASTID EVOLUTION

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: JOINT ELECTRICAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF VOLATILE-CARRYING MINERALS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FLUID TRANSPORT IN SUBDUCTION ZONES -THE DISTRIBUTION AND CIRCULATION OF FLUIDS IN THE EARTH?S INTERIOR ARE CONNECTED TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, EARTHQUAKES, AND PLATE TECTONICS IN GENERAL. IN THIS PROJECT, THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (TERMED ?VOLATILES?) HYDROGEN (H) AND CARBON (C) AT DEPTHS OF SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS BELOW THE EARTH?S SURFACE (I.E., IN THE UPPER MANTLE) ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST. THESE LIGHT ELEMENTS PROVIDE KEY INFORMATION TO UNDERSTAND THE TEMPERATURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH?S MANTLE, AS WELL AS THE PROCESSES THAT HAVE SHAPED THE INTERIOR OF OUR PLANET. THIS TEAM WILL FOCUS ON H,C-BEARING MANTLE ROCKS USING A COMBINATION OF TECHNIQUES THAT ARE CAREFULLY SELECTED TO REVEAL THE ROCK CHEMISTRY AND THE ELECTRICAL RESPONSE AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES. THIS PROJECT IS AT THE FRONTIER OF HIGH-PRESSURE RESEARCH BECAUSE OF THE HIGH DEGREE OF SYNERGY BETWEEN TWO PRIMARY TECHNIQUES (RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY), AND THE PLAN TO MAKE THESE MEASUREMENTS SIMULTANEOUSLY AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS (IN SITU) AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY (IN & EX SITU) ARE A POWERFUL COMBINATION THAT IS ANTICIPATED TO SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF TRANSPORT, DEHYDRATION, AND DECARBONATION IN VOLATILE-BEARING MINERALS. THIS WORK WILL HELP DEVELOP AN ADVANCED MODEL OF THE TRANSPORT OF VOLATILES IN SUBDUCTION ZONES, AND PRESENTS AN OPPORTUNITY TO FOSTER MULTI-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN MINERAL PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND GEOPHYSICS. THESE PIS WILL TRAIN AND MENTOR A POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER, GRADUATE STUDENT AND SEVERAL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS. THIS PROJECT FEATURES SIMULTANEOUS, IN SITU ELECTRICAL AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS ON MINERALS THAT TRANSPORT VOLATILES IN SUBDUCTION ZONES. SPECIFICALLY, SEVEN HYDROUS SILICATES AND CARBONATES WILL BE PROBED AT PRESSURES UP TO 8 GPA AND TEMPERATURES UP TO 1300 C IN PRESSES AT CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE-EPL. EX SITU VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED AT UC SAN DIEGO, AND ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES CONDUCTED AT EPL WILL COMPLEMENT THE DATASET TO PROBE THE SAMPLE COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF VOLATILES (H, C) AND OTHER SPECIES (PARTICULARLY FE2+ AND FE3+) THAT ARE MOST RELEVANT TO CHARGE TRANSPORT. ADVANCES IN THE QUANTIFICATION OF H AND C USING RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY WILL CONTRIBUTE TO CALIBRATION STANDARDS THAT WILL BE USEFUL TO THE COMMUNITY. SIMULTANEOUS IN SITU IMPEDANCE AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY ARE A POWERFUL COMBINATION THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF TRANSPORT, DEHYDRATION, AND DECARBONATION IN VOLATILE-BEARING MINERALS. THE LABORATORY-DERIVED MEASUREMENTS WILL FORM THE FOUNDATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADVANCED MODEL FOR VOLATILE TRANSPORT IN SUBDUCTION ZONES. THE LAB-BASED MODEL WILL IN TURN ALLOW PREDICTIONS OF THE ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF VOLATILE-CARRYING MATERIALS AT DEPTH THAT ARE TESTABLE USING FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEYS. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.- SUBAWARDS ARE NOT PLANNED FOR THIS AWARD.

SCIENCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: NUMEROUS FORMATION THEORIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR EXOPLANETS WITH RADII BETWEEN THE 1-3 REARTH THE MOST COMMON IN THE GALAXY WITHIN P<100 DAYS. RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF A RADIUS GAP SUGGEST THESE SMALL PLANETS FALL INTO TWO GROUPS SUPER-EARTHS AND SUB-NEPTUNES BUT WHETHER THEY REPRESENT A CONTINUOUS POPULATION SHAPED BY POST-FORMATION PROCESSES OR TWO DISTINCT POPULATIONS THAT FORMED DIFFERENTLY IS STILL UNCLEAR. OUR PROGRAM ON FOLLOWING UP THE EXOPLANETS DISCOVERED BY TESS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE WILL ADDRESS THIS ISSUE SPECIFICALLY BY ANSWERING THREE WELL-DEFINED QUESTIONS: -HOW DO PLANETARY BULK DENSITIES DEPEND ON STELLAR INSOLATION? WHILE THE PERIOD DEPENDENCE OF THE RADIUS GAP IS CONSISTENT WITH VOLATILE ENVELOPE EVAPORATION THIS PROCESS ALSO DEPENDS ON SURFACE GRAVITY. OBTAINING MASSES FOR PLANETS BETWEEN 1.5 AND 2.5 REARTH AT A RANGE OF INSOLATION FLUXES IS NECESSARY TO TEST IF PHOTOEVAPORATION HAS CAUSED THE OBSERVED GAP AND WHETHER THE BIMODALITY SEEN IN PLANET RADII EXTENDS TO THE PLANET MASS-RADIUS-INSOLATION FLUX PHASE SPACE. -HOW DO PLANETARY BULK DENSITIES DEPEND ON HOST STAR COMPOSITION? FOR THE ~100 PLANETS SMALLER THAN 3 REARTH WITH MASS AND RADIUS CONSTRAINTS THERE IS A SPREAD IN MASS AT ANY GIVEN RADIUS THAT IS NOT DUE ENTIRELY TO MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY. THIS MAY INDICATE A DIVERSITY IN SOLID INTERIOR COMPOSITION AND BY PROXY THE HOST STAR COMPOSITION. WE WILL MEASURE AND COMPARE THE DENSITIES OF A LARGER SAMPLE OF SMALL PLANETS TO DETAILED HOST STAR ABUNDANCES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF COMPOSITION IN THE PLANET MASS-RADIUS RELATIONSHIP. -HOW DO PLANETARY BULK DENSITIES DEPEND ON SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE? HIGH ECCENTRICITIES OF TRANSITING PLANETS AND/OR MUTUAL INCLINATIONS BETWEEN SIBLING PLANETS POINT TOWARDS DYNAMICALLY ACTIVE EVOLUTION VERSUS IN SITU FORMATION OR SMOOTH DISK MIGRATION. DETERMINING TRANSITING PLANET ECCENTRICITIES WHETHER THEY HAVE NON-TRANSITING SIBLINGS AND HOW PLANETARY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES ARE RELATED TO PLANET BULK DENSITY WILL HELP DISTINGUISH WHETHER SUPER-EARTHS AND SUB-NEPTUNES HAVE DIFFERENT FORMATION MECHANISMS. METHODOLOGY: WE PROPOSE A COMPREHENSIVE FOLLOW-UP PROGRAM TO GO FROM PLANET CANDIDATES DETECTED IN TESS LIGHT CURVES TO ~30 CONFIRMED AND WELL-CHARACTERIZED PLANETS. OUR CHARACTERIZATION WILL INCLUDE RV-MEASURED MASSES WITH ~60 RV OBSERVATIONS PER VETTED SYSTEM HOST STAR ABUNDANCES AND CONSTRAINTS ON LONGER PERIOD NON-TRANSITING PLANETS. CRITICALLY WE WILL SELECT OUR SAMPLE WITH A TIME-INVARIANT MERIT FUNCTION FROM WHICH WE CAN ROBUSTLY INFER POPULATION-BASED TRENDS TO ANSWER OUR PROPOSED QUESTIONS. OUR TEAM MEMBERS HAVE ACCESS TO AND EXPERTISE IN USING RESOURCES FOR ALL OF THE REQUIRED STEPS. WE PLAN TO SHARE OUR RV OBSERVING PLANS ON THE TFOP PLATFORM TO FACILITATE COORDINATION AND COLLABORATION WITH OTHER TEAMS. RELEVANCE: THIS PROPOSAL DIRECTLY ADDRESSES THE KEY XRP OBJECTIVES INCLUDING DETERMINATION OF COMPOSITIONS DYNAMICS ...OF [EXO]PLANETS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OTHER PLANETARY SYSTEMS. OUR INVESTIGATION IS CLOSELY TIED TO THE TESS MISSION AND WILL HELP MAXIMIZE ITS SCIENCE RETURN THROUGH CONFIRMING PLANETS CANDIDATES AND FURTHER CHARACTERIZING THEIR MASSES HOST STARS AND NON-TRANSITING SIBLING PLANETS. THIS WORK WILL HELP INFORM THE TARGET SELECTION FOR CURRENT (HST TEXTIT{SPITZER}) AND FUTURE (JWST LUVOIR/HABEX) NASA OBSERVATORIES.

THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON MICROTUBULES DURING MOUSE PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT

EFFECTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES ON ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE 7 FUNCTION: COMIBINING AIRBORNE IMAGING SPECTROCO

MINERAL PHYSICS STUDIES OF ELASTICITY, PHONON, AND RHEOLOGY AT PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS OF THE EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR

AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO REVEAL THE IDENTITY OF LIGHT ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CORE

MRI: ACQUISITION OF A NEXT-GENERATION SYSTEM FOR PLANT AND ECOSYSTEM GAS-EXCHANGE

ELEMENT PARTITIONING AT EARTH'S DEEP CHEMICAL BOUNDARIES

MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND VELOCITY AND DENSITY OF CORE MATERIALS BY COMBINATION OF DYNAMIC AND STATIC METHODS

RENEWAL: CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR

MRI: ACQUISITION OF PORTABLE EXTREME TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE SYSTEM

"REVERSIBILITY OF DIFFERENTIATING MYOGENIC CELLS TO MUSCLE STEM CELLS"

AN REU SITE FOR UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH TRAINING IN THE GEOSCIENCES

RENEWAL: SIMPLE MOLECULAR SYSTEMS AT ULTRAHIGH PRESSURES

NUMERICAL MODELING OF THERMO-CHEMICAL CONVECTION IN EARTHS CORE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR GEODYNAMO EVOLUTION -EARTH?S MAGNETIC FIELD ACTS AS A ?MAGNETIC SHIELD? BY DEFLECTING HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES AND KEEPING THE SURFACE HABITABLE FOR LIFE. EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF EARTH?S MAGNETIC FIELD GOES BACK BILLIONS OF YEARS, AND MAY SPAN THE ENTIRE AGE OF OUR PLANET. DESPITE ITS EVER-PRESENCE, THE WAY THE MAGNETIC FIELD HAS BEEN MAINTAINED BY FLUID MOTION IN EARTH?S LIQUID OUTER CORE FOR SO LONG REMAINS A MYSTERY. IN FACT, THE TIMING OF THE MOST DRAMATIC EVENT IN THE CORE?S HISTORY, THE SOLIDIFICATION OF THE INNER CORE, IS NOT KNOWN. THE FIRST SOLIDIFICATION OF THE IRON-RICH ALLOY AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH IS EXPECTED TO RELEASE A LARGE PULSE OF ENERGY THAT IS MANIFESTED AS A RAPID CHANGE IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD AT EARTH?S SURFACE. SO FAR NO CLEAR SIGNATURE OF INNER CORE SOLIDIFICATION HAS BEEN FOUND IN THE ROCK MAGNETIC RECORD. THIS PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THIS CONUNDRUM BY DEVELOPING A NUMERICAL SIMULATION THAT MODELS THE EFFECTS OF INNER CORE SOLIDIFICATION AND ITS CONTINUED GROWTH OVER TIME ON THE SURFACE MAGNETIC FIELD. THE IMPACT OF THIS MODELING EFFORT WILL GO WELL BEYOND EARTH?S CORE: A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CORE SOLIDIFICATION CAN PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO HOW EARTH HAS COOLED OVER TIME AND WHETHER THE ANCIENT SURFACE ENVIRONMENT WAS PROTECTED BY A MAGNETIC SHIELD THAT ALLOWED LIFE TO FLOURISH. THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO IMPLEMENT ADDITIONAL BUOYANCY FIELDS IN A COMMUNITY DYNAMO CODE, INVESTIGATE HOW THERMAL AND COMPOSITIONAL BUOYANCY FIELDS COUPLE TOGETHER IN DRIVING CONVECTION AND DYNAMO ACTION IN EARTH?S CORE, AND PREDICT HOW THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD HAS BEHAVED SINCE INNER CORE NUCLEATION. IN EARTH?S CORE THE THERMAL AND COMPOSITIONAL BUOYANCY FIELDS ARE COUPLED AT THE INNER CORE BOUNDARY WHERE THERMAL COOLING DRIVES SOLIDIFICATION AND RELEASES LIGHT ELEMENTS (COMPOSITION) THAT COMBINE TOGETHER TO DRIVE CONVECTIVE FLOWS THAT INDUCE A GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD. THIS THERMO- CHEMICAL BOUNDARY COUPLING HAS NOT PREVIOUSLY BEEN EXPLORED IN DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE DYNAMO, AND WILL SHED NEW LIGHT ON HOW THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD WAS INFLUENCED BY THE GROWTH OF THE INNER CORE. THE PROJECT PLAN IS TO (1) PERFORM FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXISTING DYNAMO CODE (RAYLEIGH) TO INCLUDE AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF SCALAR BUOYANCY FIELDS, EACH WITH INDIVIDUAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND DIFFUSIVITIES, AND (2) PERFORM A SYSTEMATIC NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICS OF TWO INTERACTING AND BOUNDARY-COUPLED BUOYANCY FIELDS UNDERGOING ROTATING CONVECTION AND DYNAMO ACTION. THE MODELING WILL PROVIDE VALUABLE NEW INSIGHT INTO HOW EARTH?S CORE CONVECTS AND HOW THE GROWTH OF THE INNER CORE HAS INFLUENCED THE GEODYNAMO OVER EARTH HISTORY. THE PROJECT WILL FUND A POSTDOC TO DEVELOP THE CODE, NUMERICALLY INVESTIGATE COUPLED THERMO-CHEMICAL DYNAMO ACTION, AND APPLY THESE RESULTS TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE GEODYNAMO. THIS PROJECT IS CO-FUNDED BY A COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES AND OFFICE OF ADVANCED CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT AI/ML AND OPEN SCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN THE GEOSCIENCES. THIS AWARD REFLECTS NSF'S STATUTORY MISSION AND HAS BEEN DEEMED WORTHY OF SUPPORT THROUGH EVALUATION USING THE FOUNDATION'S INTELLECTUAL MERIT AND BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERIA.

RENEWAL: CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRAFAST LASER INSTRUMENT FOR CREATING AND PROBING MATTER UNDER EXTREME PRESSURES TEMPERATURES AND STRAIN RATES

CYTOSKELETAL REGULATION OF CELL WALL BIOSYNTHESIS AND CELL MORPHOGENESIS

SULFUR PARTITIONING BETWEEN SOLID AND LIQUID IRON AT HIGH PRESSURE

PRESSURE-INDUCED FORMATION OF ENERGETIC AND STRUCTURAL EXTENDED SOLIDS WITH QUENCH-RECOVERY TO AMBIENT CONDITIONS

SIMPLE MOLECULAR SYSTEMS AT ULTRAHIGH PRESSURES

AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM

RENEWAL: PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE DEEP LOWER MANTLE

THE NASA GALAXY EVOLUTION EXPLORER (GALEX) MISSION CONTAINS THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING OF LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES LIKELY T

SPECIALIZED SAMPLE PREPARATION AND CHIP DESIGN INPUT FOR MASSE LAB ON A CHIP APPLICATIONS AT MSFC

THE NASA WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER (WISE) MISSION DATA RELEASE CONTAINS THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF MID-INFRARED IMAGING OF GALAXI

MELTING TEMPERATURES OF IRON AND MGO USING A NEW FLASH LASER HEATING TECHNIQUE

EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON PERCOLATIVE CORE FORMATION AND THERMAL AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF PLANETARY CORES THE MODERN PLANET FORMATION MODEL SUGGES

FROM DUST TO PLANETS: MIXING AND INITIAL ASSEMBLY OF PLANETARY BUILDING BLOCKS IN THE EARLY SOLAR NE

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF MINERAL-BIOMOLECULE INTERACTIONS

PRESOLAR STARDUST IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM

IN THIS PROPOSAL WE AIM TO UNDERSTAND THE FORMATION OF THE PALLASITES METEORITES. OUR GOAL IS TO USE AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO REVEAL A NEW INDEPENDENT CONSTRAINT ON THE TEMPERATURE OF FORMATION. WE WILL CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE OLIVINE IRON METAL SYSTEM AND ANALYZE THE EXPERIMENTS WITH LASER ABLATION MC-ICPMS TO DETERMINE THE IRON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. WE WILL ALSO ANALYZE PALLASITES IN SITU TO DETERMINE THEIR IRON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION. WE WILL THEN USE OUR NEW THERMOMETER TO DETERMINE THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE METAL AND OLIVINE IN PALLASITES LAST EQUILIBRATED. COMBINING EXPERIMENTAL PETROLOGY AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IS A PARTICULARLY VALUABLE TOOL AS THE INFORMATION LEARNED IS NOT BASED ON PRIOR ASSUMPTIONS OR CONSTRAINTS.

EAGER: A MICROFLUIDIC PLATFORM FOR ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION OF NANOSENSORS FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF HORMONE LEVELS IN VIVO

NEW FORMS OF SILICON WITH ENHANCED OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES

EXPLORING THE IMPACTS OF DATA SCIENCE EDUCATION THROUGH A COURSE-BASED UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE AND SHORT LAB MODULES

CHARACTERIZATION OF PRESOLAR MATERIALS IN METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST - PHASE II

INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM LAMINS REGULATE GENOME ORGANIZATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING DEVELOPMENT - ABSTRACT LAMINS ARE TYPE V INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT NUCLEAR PROTEINS. LAMINS ASSEMBLE INTO A FILAMENTOUS NETWORK AND IS THE MAJOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF THE PROTEINACEOUS MESHWORK CALLED THE NUCLEAR LAMINA LOCATED UNDERNEATH THE INNER NUCLEAR ENVELOPE. THE CHROMATIN REGIONS INTERACTING WITH THIS MESHWORK IS CALLED THE NUCLEAR LAMINA ASSOCIATED DOMAINS (LADS). STUDIES USING TISSUE CULTURE CELLS IN VITRO SHOW THAT THE LAMINS MAINTAIN GENOME AND NUCLEAR INTEGRITY. SINCE MUTATIONS IN THE LAMIN GENES CAUSE A LARGE NUMBER OF HUMAN DISEASES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LAMINS IN VIVO. THIS PROPOSAL AIMS TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISM BY WHICH LAMINS REGULATE 3D GENOME ORGANIZATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING DEVELOPMENT. THE EXPERIMENTAL PLAN BUILDS UPON A NUMBER OF ADVANCES MADE IN THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS. BY STUDYING MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (MESCS), A CHROMATIN MODEL, REFERRED TO AS HISTONE LAMINA LANDSCAPES (HILANDS), WAS DEVELOPED TO CLASSIFY DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHROMATIN BASED ON HISTONE BINDING, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, AND LADS. AIDED BY THIS CLASSIFICATION, IT BECOMES CLEAR THAT LAMINS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE TWO DISTINCT LADS DEFINED AS HILANDS-B AND -P IN MESCS. FURTHER COUPLING OF THE LADS STUDIES WITH HI-C ANALYSES, IT IS POSSIBLE TO DISCOVER THAT THE HILANDS-B LADS ARE DETACHED FROM THE NUCLEAR LAMINA, WHILE HILANDS-P LADS ARE DECONDENSED AT THE NUCLEAR PERIPHERY. THESE LADS DEFECTS RESULT IN CHANGES IN GLOBAL 3D CHROMATIN INTERACTIONS AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE LAMIN NULL MESCS. TO ENABLE THE STUDY OF HOW LAMINS REGULATE DEVELOPMENT, SEVERAL METHODS ARE DEVELOPED TO ALLOW HIGH QUALITY MAPPING OF LADS, HI-C, AND EPIGENOME IN A SMALL NUMBER OF CELLS ISOLATED FROM EMBRYONIC TISSUES. ADDITIONALLY, CAREFUL CHARACTERIZATION OF LAMIN DELETIONS DURING MOUSE DEVELOPMENT POINTS TO TWO EMBRYONIC CELL TYPES, THE EMBRYONIC CARDIOMYOCYTES AND EXTRAEMBRYONIC ENDODERM CELLS (EXE CELLS), AS GREAT MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM BY WHICH LAMINS REGULATE GENOME ORGANIZATION. IMPORTANTLY, THESE TWO CELL TYPES HAVE CLASSICAL (CARDIOMYOCYTES) OR INVERTED (EXE CELLS) GENOME ORGANIZATION. THUS THE PROPOSED STUDY WILL ENABLE THE INVESTIGATE INTO WHETHER AND HOW LAMINS USE SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT MEANS TO REGULATE TWO DISTINCT GENOME CONFIGURATIONS DURING DEVELOPMENT.

MRI: ACQUISITION OF INTEGRATED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEM AT THE ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE

EXPLORATION OF THE EARLIEST CRUST FORMING EVENTS ON EARTH

EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICAL STATE OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETARY CORESPAST AND CURRENT SPACE MISSIONS TO MARS HAVE PROVIDED IMPORT

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LOWER MANTLE MINERALS AND OUTER CORE ALLOYS STUDIED BY COMBINED FAST PULSED LASER AND OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES

THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MANTLE AND CORE MATERIALS

WE OUTLINE A SERIES OF INVESTIGATIONS WHOSE GOAL IS TO OBTAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES AND TIMESCALES THAT TOOK ISOLATED GRAINS IN THE

EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ELEMENTS ON THE IRON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BETWEEN METAL AND SILICATE

A NEXT GENERATION PRECISION DOPPLER SURVEYNEARLY TWO HUNDRED EXTRASOLAR PLANETS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED

DEVELOPMENT OF GIANT DIAMONDS FROM CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION FOR HIGH-PRESSURE RESEARCH

THE TWO MOST PRIMITIVE SOLAR SYSTEM MATERIALS AVAILABLE ARE CHONDRITE MATRICES (BOTH INTERCHONDRULE MATRIX AND CHONDRULE RIMS) AND CHONDRITIC POROUS INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES (CP IDPS) AND BOTH CONTAIN PRESOLAR CIRCUMSTELLAR GRAINS D-RICH ORGANIC MATTER FINE GRAINED CRYSTALLINE SILICATES WITH SIMILAR RANGES OF COMPOSITIONS AND AMORPHOUS SILICATES. THESE COMMON FEATURES SUGGEST BOTH ARE MIXTURES OF MATERIALS INHERITED FROM THE PRESOLAR MOLECULAR CLOUD AND MATERIALS THAT WERE THERMALLY PROCESSED IN THE NEBULA. DESPITE THESE COMMON FEATURES THERE IS STILL NO CONSENSUS ABOUT (1) WHETHER MATRIX AND CP IDPS ARE RELATED (2) HOW THEIR COMPONENTS FORMED OR (3) WHAT THEY TELL US ABOUT PROCESSES IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM. IN THE TWO-COMPONENT MODEL MATRIX IS DOMINATED BY CI-LIKE MATERIAL. MODEST CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CHONDRULES AND INCLUSIONS ALONG WITH PARENT BODY MODIFICATION EXPLAIN NON-CI-LIKE BULK MATRIX COMPOSITIONS. THE HIGHER ABUNDANCES OF PRESOLAR GRAINS AND ORGANICS IN MANY CP IDPS INDICATE LOWER CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE THERMALLY PROCESSED MATERIAL CONSISTENT WITH COMETARY ORIGINS. NEVERTHELESS FOR THE THERMALLY PROCESSED MATERIAL TO BE SO WIDESPREAD PROBABLY REQUIRES THAT IT FORMED VERY EARLY WHEN RADIAL DISK TRANSPORT WAS MOST VIGOROUS. THE ALTERNATIVE MODEL IS THAT MATRIX IS THE COMPLEMENT TO CHONDRULES IN WHICH CASE THE PRESOLAR GRAINS ORGANIC MATTER ETC. WERE ADDED TO MATRIX LATE IN A MINOR PRIMITIVE COMPONENT. COMPLEMENTARITY HAS FAR REACHING CONSEQUENCES AS IT SUGGESTS THAT CHONDRULES AND MATRIX FORMED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY AND WERE NOT LATER EFFICIENTLY FRACTIONATED FROM ONE ANOTHER DESPITE THEIR VERY DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES. IT IS AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE X-WIND MODEL AND ANY OTHER GRAIN SIZE SENSITIVE PROCESSES SUCH AS FORMING AND/OR TRANSPORTING CHONDRULES IN DISK WINDS OR PLANETESIMAL FORMATION BY PEBBLE ACCRETION OR THE STREAMING INSTABILITY. THESE TWO MODELS RESULT IN FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT VIEWS OF THERMAL PROCESSING AND TRANSPORT IN THE NEBULA AS WELL AS ACCRETION OF PLANETESIMALS. IT IS THE AIM OF THIS PROPOSAL TO TRY TO TEST BOTH MODELS BY COMBINING FOCUSED ION BEAM (FIB) AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES IN WAYS THAT MINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL FOR OPERATOR OR ANALYTICAL BIAS AS WELL AS PROVIDE CHECKS FOR THE ACCURACY AND SELFCONSISTENCY OUR PROTOCOLS. (I) WE WILL USE POINT COUNTING AND QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IN THE ELECTRON MICROPROBE TO DETERMINE THE ABUNDANCES AND BULK COMPOSITIONS OF: (A) CHONDRULES (B) ISOLATED METAL SULFIDE AND SILICATE GRAINS (>10 UM) (C) INTERCHONDRULE MATRIX (D) CHONDRULE RIMS AND (D) REFRACTORY INCLUSIONS. TO MINIMIZE THE INFLUENCE OF PARENT BODY ALTERATION WE WILL ONLY ANALYZE THE MOST PRIMITIVE CHONDRITES AVAILABLE. A FIRST ORDER CHECK OF THIS APPROACH WILL BE TO COMBINE ALL THE COMPONENTS IN EACH METEORITE AND COMPARE THE ESTIMATED BULK COMPOSITIONS TO THE BULK COMPOSITIONS FOR THEIR GROUPS FROM THE LITERATURE. (II) WE WILL FOLLOW THIS UP WITH HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION SEM STUDIES OF THE MOST PRIMITIVE MATRIX AREAS TO DETERMINE THE ABUNDANCES AND COMPOSITIONS OF MINERAL GRAINS>1 UM. THESE DATA WILL BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHONDRULES AND INCLUSIONS TO MATRIX AS WELL AS TO SEARCH FOR GRAINS THAT ARE UNRELATED TO CHONDRULES AND INCLUSIONS. (III) WE WILL USE SEM-STEM AND TEM TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE FIB SECTIONS FROM THESE MATRIX AREAS TO DETERMINE: (A) THE BULK COMPOSITIONS OF THE FIB SECTIONS FOR COMPARISON WITH THE MATRIX COMPOSITIONS DETERMINED BY EMPA AND (B) THE COMPOSITIONS MICROSTRUCTURES AND ABUNDANCES OF MINERALS AND AMORPHOUS MATERIAL>100 NM ACROSS (THICKNESS OF SECTIONS) FOR COMPARISON WITH CHONDRULES INCLUSIONS AND CP IDPS. WE WILL USE EXACTLY THE SAME TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE FIB SECTIONS OF CP IDPS SO THAT WE CAN MAKE DIRECT COMPARISONS. ARMED WITH THIS DATA WE WILL COMPARE THE COMPOSITIONS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF MATRIX AND ITS COMPONENTS TO THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE TWO-COMPONENT AND COMPLEMENTARITY MODELS.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HOT JUPITERS FROM GROUND-BASED SECONDARY ECLIPSE PHOTOMETRY

FOSSILS OF REIONIZATION: THE SEARCH FOR THE MOST METAL-POOR STARS IN THE LOCAL GROUP

RR LYRAE STARS ARE POISED TO BE THE MOST PRECISE DISTANCE INDICATORS IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE. THEY WILL THEREFORE BE CRITICAL FOR MAKING AN INDEPENDENT

GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOCHRONOLOGIC STUDIES OF EARTH'S OLDEST CRUST

STRUCTURES AND DENSITIES OF SILICATE LIQUIDS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE

HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS OF INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION ABLATOR MATERIALS

EAGER: DEVELOPMENT OF NON-TISSUE CULTURE BASED MAIZE TRANSFORMATION

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: DISTURBANCE, SUCCESSION, AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY: PATTERNS, MECHANISMS, INTERACTIONS